Word-for-word translation display

Here is an example of a word-for-word translation display. It is the (maligned) classic; it ignores context and other text attributes (e.g., correct word order in the target) in revealing the literal meaning of words, sometimes phrases. 

The reader may have to work hard at making sense of the target language, let alone how the source conveys its meaning to a source language speaker. However, this display has the advantage of almost precise mapping of the target to the source.

And the target language in this example is __________?

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What they found in our own branch of the
Quello che hanno trovato nel nostro ramo dell'

evolutionary tree came as a shock—the complete
albero evolutivo è stato uno shock—il completo

opposite of a pattern found in other vertebrates.
opposto di un modello riscontrato in altri vertebrati.

For Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and other vertebrate
Per Australopithecus, Paranthropus, e altri gruppi di vertebrati,

groups, as the number of species in a group
quando il numero di specie in un gruppo

went up, competition increased, and the rate
aumentava, la competizione cresceva, e il tasso

of forming new species slowed down.
di formazione di nuove specie rallentava.

In Homo, as the number of species went up,
Nel genere Homo, con l'aumento delle specie,

competition increased, and the rate of forming
la competizione cresceva e il tasso di formazione

new species got even faster.
di nuove specie accelerava ulteriormente.

The results, published in the journal Nature
I risultati, pubblicati nella rivista Nature

Ecology & Evolution, challenge previously held beliefs
Ecology & Evolution, sfidano le convinzioni precedenti

about the history of our species, and raise new
sulla storia della nostra specie e sollevano nuove

questions about how competition formed us into
domande su come la competizione ci abbia formato

the species we are today.
nella specie che siamo oggi.

Sample paragraph-by-paragraph display

Here's an example of a paragraph-by-paragraph translation from English to German.

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*What they found in our own branch of the evolutionary tree came as a shock—the complete opposite of a pattern found in other vertebrates. For Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and other vertebrate groups, as the number of species in a group went up, competition increased, and the rate of forming new species slowed down. In Homo, as the number of species went up, competition increased, and the rate of forming new species got even faster. The results, published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution, challenge previously held beliefs about the history of our species, and raise new questions about how competition formed us into the species we are today.*

Was sie in unserem eigenen Zweig des evolutionären Stammbaums fanden, kam als Schock – das komplette Gegenteil eines Musters, das bei anderen Wirbeltieren gefunden wurde. Bei Australopithecus, Paranthropus und anderen Wirbeltiergruppen stieg mit der Zunahme der Artenzahl in einer Gruppe die Konkurrenz, und die Rate der Bildung neuer Arten verlangsamte sich. Bei Homo hingegen stieg mit der Zunahme der Artenzahl die Konkurrenz, und die Rate der Bildung neuer Arten wurde sogar noch schneller. Die Ergebnisse, die in der Fachzeitschrift Nature Ecology & Evolution veröffentlicht wurden, stellen bisherige Überzeugungen über die Geschichte unserer Spezies in Frage und werfen neue Fragen darüber auf, wie Konkurrenz uns zu der Spezies geformt hat, die wir heute sind.

*For the study, van Holstein gathered location and carbon dating information for fossils from 17 hominin species, then used that data to model when a species originated, how long it existed for, and when it disappeared. Next, she ran a mathematical model to calculate and compare how competition—that is, having more than one species in the same location at the same time competing for the same resources—affected speciation and extinction of the three hominin subgroups.*

Für die Studie sammelte van Holstein Standort- und Kohlenstoffdatierungsinformationen für Fossilien von 17 Hominidenarten und verwendete diese Daten dann, um zu modellieren, wann eine Art entstand, wie lange sie existierte und wann sie verschwand. Anschließend führte sie ein mathematisches Modell durch, um zu berechnen und zu vergleichen, wie sich Konkurrenz – das heißt, mehr als eine Art zur gleichen Zeit am selben Ort, die um die gleichen Ressourcen konkurriert – auf die Artbildung und das Aussterben der drei Hominidenuntergruppen auswirkte.

Additional notes:
1. The scientific terms "Australopithecus," "Paranthropus," and "Homo" are kept in their original Latin forms, as these are universally used scientific names.
2. "Hominin" is translated as "Hominiden" in German, which is the accepted scientific term.
3. "Nature Ecology & Evolution" is kept in English as it's the name of the journal.
4. "van Holstein" is kept as is, assuming it's a proper name.
5. The German translation maintains the scientific tone and complexity of the original text, suitable for an educated German-speaking audience.

Sample in-line display

Here's an example of an in-line translation from English to Spanish.

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*Over* (Durante) *the past* (los últimos) *15 years* (15 años), *many more* (muchos más) *hominin* (homínidos) *fossils* (fósiles) *and* (y) *species* (especies) *have been discovered* (han sido descubiertos), *so* (así que) *van Holstein* (van Holstein) *finally* (finalmente) *had the chance* (tuvo la oportunidad) *to investigate* (de investigar) *her lingering question* (su pregunta persistente). *Using* (Utilizando) *computer software* (software informático) *and* (y) *mathematical models* (modelos matemáticos), *she* (ella) *and* (y) *evolutionary anthropologist* (antropólogo evolutivo) *Robert Foley* (Robert Foley) *analyzed* (analizaron) *a wealth* (una gran cantidad) *of* (de) *fossil data* (datos fósiles) *to explore* (para explorar) *competition* (la competencia) *in* (en) *hominin evolution* (la evolución de los homínidos). *They focused on* (Se centraron en) *three subgroups* (tres subgrupos) *of* (de) *hominins* (homínidos): *the small-brained* (los de cerebro pequeño), *ape-like* (similares a los simios) *Australopithecus* (Australopithecus), *the huge-headed* (los de cabeza enorme) *Paranthropus* (Paranthropus), *and* (y) *our own group* (nuestro propio grupo), *Homo* (Homo).

Additional notes:
1. The term "hominin" is translated as "homínido" in Spanish, which is the accepted scientific term.
2. "Van Holstein" is kept as is, as it's likely a proper name.
3. "Australopithecus," "Paranthropus," and "Homo" are maintained in their original Latin forms, as these are universally used scientific names.
4. The phrase "huge-headed" is translated as "de cabeza enorme" to maintain the colloquial tone while accurately describing the characteristic.

Sample interlinear, line by line

 

This is a sample of an interlinear translation, line by line, produced by an AI engine, English to Russian. Have a look, and for those conversant, a closer look.

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 *What they found in our own branch of the evolutionary tree*  
**Что они нашли в нашей собственной ветви эволюционного дерева**  

*came as a shock—the complete opposite of a pattern found*  
**оказалось шоком—полной противоположностью закономерности, найденной**  

*in other vertebrates.*  
**у других позвоночных.**  

*For Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and other vertebrate groups, as the number of*  
**Для австралопитеков, парантропов и других групп позвоночных, по мере того как количество**  

*species in a group went up, competition increased, and the rate*  
**видов в группе увеличивалось, конкуренция возрастала, а скорость**  

*of forming new species slowed down.*  
**формирования новых видов замедлялась.**  

*In Homo, as the number of species went up, competition*  
**У гоминид, по мере увеличения количества видов, конкуренция**  

*increased, and the rate of forming new species got even faster.*  
**возрастала, и скорость формирования новых видов становилась еще выше.**  

*The results, published in the journal Nature Ecology & Evolution,*  
**Результаты, опубликованные в журнале Nature Ecology & Evolution,**  

*challenge previously held beliefs about the history of our species,*  
**ставят под сомнение ранее существовавшие представления об истории нашего вида,**  

*and raise new questions about how competition formed us into the*  
**и поднимают новые вопросы о том, как конкуренция сформировала нас в**  

*species we are today.*  
**тот вид, который мы представляем собой сегодня.**  

### Additional Comments
The context of the original English text deals with the evolutionary history and dynamics of species formation, particularly in hominids and related groups. The translation retains this scientific tone and terminology in Russian, while staying true to the original structure.